Critical Comparison of Two Frost Poems Essay

Ice endeavors to bring to the peruser his character ‘s encounters with the world. The considerations of the character are restricted to his prompt environmental factors however through the writer ‘s cautious choose from words they reverberation to the peruser ‘s own comprehension, of the general idea of life and his reality and his place. I will analyze, two of Frost ‘s sonnets: The Road Not Taken, and Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening. I will, think about the two sonnets by the impact of its words, sounds, and pictures and how this is huge and which impact does it have. The character in Frost ‘s sonnet The Road Not Taken has a prompt and intense communication with his reality as right on time as the primary refrain. It shows itself as an intersection , which for quite a while leaves the character anguishing for a decision . This contact is significant : its reality implies that life isn't direct , and has not portrayed a given way for a person to take . They veer into numerous , numerous streets , each with its own outcome and goal. The ensuing choice and venture of Frost ‘s voyager opened up a large number of ramifications of his communications with the world . The voyager must have painstakingly contemplated and considered over the better way or one that has more guarantee . His choice , at long last , was subjective Frost ‘s of the way ‘s verdant and needed wear , on which stood his preferred premise , was effortlessly discredited by the line that followed : Had worn them extremely about the equivalent . The artist gives no sign of contrast nor anything striking that may actuate his character from going to one way in inclination to the next . He is then confronted with this acknowledgment : no two ways are like such an extent that they can be precisely looked at . It echoes in a more profound understanding that in life , some of the time choices are made without strong premise or good certitude , and their worth are just about the equivalent †in view of how the individual demonstrations in his choice. Looking again at the character ‘s unexpected jump , we can offer another tranquil perception : while he investigated one street To where it bowed in the undergrowth , he took the other , as similarly as reasonable . We have just found that they were considerably a similar way , and of a similar quality . In the event that we investigate a later refrain , we would see that Frost ‘s character had intended to spare that path for some other time ( Oh , I saved the first for one more day . This idea , and the resulting choice , stemmed fundamentally from the appearing to be lush and needed wear guarantee of one way. One significant diamond of thought to be found here is that in life , there are no supreme , unsurprising minutes . Man was shaped with opportunity of thought , will and decision . He is a dynamic being , and dependent upon whimsical impulses and snapshots of immediacy . It is this opportunity , in reality , that shields him from being trapped in balance , and hesitation He may act without obvious intelligent premise , and he need not do so We are given another pearl, in this unconstrained demonstration : the explorer ‘s wilful act was attached in a longing to part from routine . Maybe some internal want affected him to avoid the commonality of regular day to day existence . This , to him , was a glad second ( I took the one less went by that has had a significant effect . His acknowledgment of its worth clarifies the way that Man ought not entangle himself in cycles and schedules , for there was a world out there that needed wear , and still can't seem to be found. This demonstration turns into that achievement in an individual ‘s life where he gets mindful of his reality , and how this one little activity has a hundredfold importance . It isn't , anyway , by and large complete †however he has made the significant revelation of the importance of his one decision , and its intrinsic extraordinary worth , he is likewise made agonizingly mindful of his humankind His second thoughts all through the sonnet ( sorry I was unable to travel both . I questioned in the event that I should ever returned , just as the thoughtfulness of the title itself ( The Road Not Taken ) are at the core of each human want . Men are innately flawed , and can't retain the minute of the universe , considerably less the entirety of the world ‘s encounters It is a clashing bit of hindsight that how path leads on to path ‘ there was no returning to the first course . One is helped at this crossroads to remember the insightful direction of Ignatius of Loyola , that once a decision has been made and made irreversibly , then one ought not worry over its being unmade : We can change its belongings , yet the demonstration of picking is completely finished with.

Unemployment Rate in Australia Labor Resource

Question: Talk about theUnemployment Rate in Australiafor Labor Resource. Answer: Presentation Joblessness is a marker of wasteful utilization of work asset. Joblessness is the financial conditions where individuals are without occupations and are looking for business. As confirmed by Buultjens (2005), the Australian economy is confronted with three significant issues; the financial development, the joblessness, and the swelling rate. The degree of joblessness is reliant on the pace of financial development in some random economy. At high monetary development rate, the joblessness rate falls. It rises when a nation is recorded to perform inadequately. This presentation is estimated regarding the adjustments in GDP. The Australian economy has performed inadequately in business terms in the previous barely any years; the joblessness level is on an ascent and anticipated to be higher later on. This paper will consider the different government strategies executed towards the advancement of the recuperation. The recuperation is pivotal in that; joblessness will in general fix a few people at destitution traps. Financial hardships are experienced more by the individuals who are jobless for a long haul contrasted with the present moment. Joblessness is a major issue to the general public in enormous. A few people may expect that it just influences those that are jobless however this isn't the situation. There are numerous things that jobless individuals can do which may impactsly affect the general public. A portion of the awful impacts incorporate; burglary, medicate misuse, unexpected frailty, diminished education level, and so on. Mukherjee and Graycar (1997) contended that the expansion in joblessness rate raises the chance of carrying out wrongdoings. For the best arrangements to be actualized, all the components liable for the augmentations in joblessness ought to be thought of. This paper will likewise think about the distinctions in joblessness over the Australian states. Factors behind the distinctions will be deducted. Ends will be drawn. Reasons for Unemployment in Australia The deficiency in total interest brings about a decrease in the yield creation. At the point when this occurs as is for the situation during a downturn, most workers gets conserved. These individuals may not land their positions considerably after the recuperation happens; this is on the grounds that the development of efficiency occurs in the downturn. The downturn of interest, along these lines, causes an expanded joblessness. Joblessness is expanded by the expense of work being exceptionally high contrasted with capital. In Australia, the genuine wages are contended to be extremely high. This has made a motivation for the makers to move to capital instead of utilizing work. An expanded work efficiency likewise quickens joblessness. It is expected that with an expanded work profitability, less number of laborers can meet a similar degree of interest. The new innovation headways are bringing down the interest for work. The previously existing organizations are scarcely offering a business opportunity. Not many open doors are offered in the recently settled organizations. There is countless foreigners into Australia; these individuals add to its workforce, in this way, adding to an expansion in joblessness rate. The Australian economy is trade based. A decrease in the interest for sends out greatly affects its universal exchange which brings about a diminished outside acquiring along these lines raising the degree of joblessness. Joblessness Rate The Australian work power is comprised of each one of those individuals who are 15 years or more. As far as possible for Australian work is 65 years. The examined information from Tradingeconomics.com shows that at first the joblessness rate was lower.it increased consistently from 2011 and remained at its most significant level in 2015 (Farrer, 2015). It is around the same time when it began falling. In 2016, it began fluctuating over the quarters. The pattern is emphatically inclining; a proof that it has moved from low to high over the previous five years. As indicated by Janda (2016), the expanded joblessness rate is because of the expanded investment rate. The tradingeconomics.com gives an estimate of the Australian joblessness rate for the period 2016-2020 as appeared in the chart beneath. Fig: Australian joblessness rate estimate The projection is that this rate will remain at 5.8 % when we get as far as possible of this quarter. In the year 2017, the anticipated rate is 6.0 %. Further, the projection for 2020 shows that there will be stomach muscle expanded joblessness rate remaining at around 6.2 % (Tradingeconomics.com, 2016). Kinds of Unemployment There are a few kinds of joblessness in Australia and some other world economy. Financial specialists order joblessness by its causes. There are four significant sorts of joblessness. While some are present moment, the others proceed to the long haul and in the extraordinary cases may take a lot of years for certain laborers to find a new line of work. Laborers who have been jobless for longer than a year are viewed as long haul jobless (Fowkes, 2011).The momentary business isn't viewed as hurtful to the economy. One of them is the frictional joblessness. This structure emerges from the insufficiency of ideal data on the work advertise. The time it takes for laborers looking for work to coordinate with businesses sought after for work takes a lot of time. Businesses need laborers who meet every one of their necessities and have some extra included points of interest. It is hard for laborers to verification agreeable for the activity position. Profitability is the significant target that decides the candidate picked for the accessible position. The specialist needs to confirmation to be progressively gainful for he/she to win that position. The entire coordinating up process requires some serious energy. The work markets can, consequently, be supposed to be blemished regarding data disappointment. A vocation position might be under promotion, however a portion of those looking for work can't act rapidly to such data. The explanation behind this might be land hindrances nd those of cost. These individuals will get utilized with time.But while they are as yet searching for the activity, they are viewed as frictionally jobless. The other kind is the repetitive joblessness which emerges with the progressions in economys development rate. An economy encounters distinctive financial states in its activities. It is supposed to be in a blast state when the financial presentation is high. During this express, the joblessness rate falls. The other state is the downturn state when the economys execution is poor. During this period, the pace of joblessness rises. A downturn is related with low swelling rates. This imply the cost of products and ventures are low in this state. Since providers ability to flexibly is scaled down when costs are low, they lay off certain specialists. Less creation happens, and since the costs are poor, less incomes are raised. Contrasting this with the creation costs, firms are compelled to lay off some workers.This laborer may recapture their activity positions once the economy recoups. Prior to the recuperation, these laborers are supposed to be consistently jobless. The third kind is the auxiliary joblessness which emerges in light of the fact that the laborers looking for business can't fit into the accessible occupations. There is inflexibility in the exchange of aptitudes from one segment to the next. On the off chance that a laborer loses an employment, now and again it turns out to be so hard to get another. Continuously there are occupations accessible in the economy, yet only one out of every odd activity searcher fits the bill to fill these positions. One may have solid employments aptitudes in a single area, yet when you consider using the abilities in some other segment, it gets pointless. As indicated by Fowkes (2011), a few people may stay jobless in any event, when there are a lot of occupations. The structure of the business has likewise added to basic joblessness. Globalization of the world economies has brought about improved mechanical developments; the business tasks are completed with new innovation. A portion of the at first utilized laborers neglect to have the attractive abilities to adjust to the evolving innovation; they wind up being laid off the activity. The last sort to be considered in this paper is the regular joblessness which happens on the grounds that a few specialists rely upon occasional occupations for work. These employments incorporate for the most part ranch tasks. For example, in the development of a specific plant animal types, there are numerous phases where work is required. For example Burrowing during planting, the following is a weeding period, and finally the reaping time frame. A few laborers are possibly utilized when these stages are reached at. There exist a period contrast between the stages; the laborers have no activity to do during this time. They are along these lines alluded to as regularly jobless. Fig: Seasonally balanced joblessness rate Fig (a) Fig (b) Source: 6202.0 - Labor Force, Australia, Aug 2016 The figure above shows that the pattern of the joblessness rate is contrarily slanted. This imply the rate is falling. As it tends to be watched, the augmentations in the business rate is adding to the fall in the joblessness rate (Abs.gov.au, 2016). There is an increasing pattern of business rate in Australia when the exhibition for as long as two years is thought of. Issues of Unemployment One of the issues is the numerous years that is taken before the old representatives resigns. Retirement makes more employment opening. At the point when the retirement age is extremely high, the openings for work take such a long time before they are made. The young people, in this manner, face some significant stretches of joblessness before they at last get utilized. Buultjens (2005) suggested that laborers ought to resign an early age. The joblessness issue is looked by changed age bunches in the general public; the biggest gathering is that of 15-19 years. The 20s, 30, 40s and 50s gathering are very little influenced. The following biggest gathering is the 60s since they are dismissed at working environments. They are viewed as less profitable, and henceforth managers can't utilize them. The other is the school consistency standard. The understudies who stay in school following 15 years are low in number some of the time.

(beginnings

(beginnings On December 17, 2011* at 12:17pm EST**, I was accepted to MIT. After slamming my laptop lid shut, running around the house screaming, and generally alarming everyone within a half-mile radius, I promptly posted a lame Facebook status about it and got a bunch of likes. Since then, Ive been asked the question Why MIT? more times than I thought possible. Thats a difficult question for me to answer, because theres so much I could say. I could mention the quirky culture, the hacks, the UROPs, the pset parties***, the awesome people but if I had to narrow it down to what first made me notice MIT, it would be the blogs. You see, when I was a wee tenth grader (remember when the site looked like this? Im old, man), the blogs were my first window into MIT my first glimpse into all the previously mentioned Awesome Stuff that it offered. And I loved what I saw not just the content of the blogs, but also the fairly radical concept of allowing students to post freely and honestly about what they felt about a school on its admissions website (which, incidentally, appealed to the journalist side of me). And thats why Im really, really excited to join the blogs. I want to pay it forward to be a window into MIT for others, to provide some insight that a high school student looking at colleges couldnt have gleaned from a glossy brochure. Thats not to say that I know what Ill be posting about over the next few years, because I dont. They**** say MITs like a box of chocolates, or Schrödingers cat, or a box of chocolate Schrödingers cats, in you never know what youre going to get. But I do expect that my MIT experience will transform me in ways that I never expected, expose me to people I never would have met, challenge me more than Ive ever been challenged before. I wouldnt have come here otherwise. So as you follow me through my blogographical and MIT-ographical adventure (Im not assuming too much here, am I? please follow me), picture this post as an unclosed parenthesis the metaphorical beginning of an metaphorically open-ended journey (ooh, this is getting deep). Over the next four years, lets see if we can close that parenthesis. Metaphorically speaking, of course. *thats Earth years, by the way. Im finally off the Martian calendar because I kept showing up 687 days early to appointments **actually 12:19 because my Internet lags and is measured in carrier pigeons per second ***let it be known to all that as a naive prefrosh, Michael once looked forward to psets ****I (cats courtesy of my friend Alison) The cats are simultaneously dark and white chocolate.

Personal Code Of Ethics By Meredith Keck - 777 Words

Personal Code of Ethics Meredith Keck University of the Incarnate Word: Communications in Organizations 27 January 2017 Introduction Leaders are expected to act consistently with their vision and the values they advocate to their team. If a leader’s words or actions are contrary to the values they expect in others, they will be faced with cynicism and contempt. Followers expect their leader to act in their best interests, putting their welfare before their own. An ethical leader is honest, open and truthful to their followers. When leaders lose this trust, their followers will quickly disregard them. Part I Knowledge, integrity, empathy, patience, and love are at the core of my ethos. These traits shape my character, nature,†¦show more content†¦Many higher ranking leaders may unintentionally make them feel disregarded because of this. When a new Airman joins my team it can take them months to open up and begin expressing their ideas. However, change is on the horizon- a year ago our Medical Wing developed an ‘Innovation Center’. All ranks are encouraged to attend a nine day Innovation Center course where they can openly share their ideas to improve our organization. Providers sit with technicians and Generals rub elbows with Airmen to learn Lean management and work together to develop improvement strategies and plans. Part II As a leader, I am committed to creating an open, welcoming environment that respects diversity and creative thinking; inspiring personal and professional growth. I value all individualities and viewpoints equally. My ethics are the same for every one of my followers, regardless of age, ethnicity, culture, gender, sexual orientation, or religion. By removing any stigmas or barriers, we strengthen the unity between us, enabling us to succeed individually and as a whole. I encourage my team to be open with me on all accounts. When they share personal matters with me, I keep them confidential. The trust that we have built within my team is incredible, and it is not something that I take lightly. I am devoted to keeping this trust within my team by staying true to my

Story of a Hispanic Immigrant - 1102 Words

Exciting Characters 2 Jose the Hispanic Immigrant (Give this person a title) I am Hispanic immigrant who came to the United States as a farm worker when I was 15. At the time, I was sent to Southern California where I picked peaches and worked in a vineyard. After the season was over, is when I would return to Mexico and prepare to go back the next year. I have been doing this for many seasons and just started working with the Custom Cutters. They travel from Texas to Canada harvesting wheat. The job begins in April and lasts until the beginning of September. (Custom Cutters, 2007) I am a hard worker and who is excited about the new prospects of making more money. At the same time, this has the opportunity for future employment on a similar crew (depending on the outcome of the current position). Yet, as an immigrant, I am often seen as an outsider. My proficiency with the language is improving quickly. This is helping me to find better jobs. Moreover, I wanted to support my family and moved to the US per manently. This means that I will be away from them continually for the next several months. Write a description of this person and their surroundings (A prologue, like Chaucer) I am 25 years old and have lived in the United States for three years. I am a legal resident and have a wife who is an American citizen. We have one daughter together. Recently, I left to travel with Custom Cutters starting in Texas. On our trips, we are frequently driving at night andShow MoreRelatedAmerican Culture And Its Impact On American Society1599 Words   |  7 Pageshave Hispanics began to enter American Society and how have they assimilated or integrated to become part of it? Hispanics are a minority group who have overcome many struggles and stereotypes throughout history. 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Causes and Consequences of Corruption in India and How to Counter It Free Essays

DEFINITION OF CORRUPTION Corruption is defined as the use of public office for private gain, or in other words, use of official position, rank or status by an office bearer for his own personal benefit. Following from this definition, examples of corrupt behaviour would include: (a) bribery, (b) extortion, (c) fraud, (d) embezzlement, (e) nepotism, (f) cronyism, (g) appropriation of public assets and property for private use, and (h) influence peddling. Activities such as fraud and embezzlement can be undertaken by an official alone and without involvement of a second party. We will write a custom essay sample on Causes and Consequences of Corruption in India and How to Counter It or any similar topic only for you Order Now While others such as bribery, extortion and influence peddling involve two parties –The giver and taker in a corrupt deal. The two party type of corruption can arise under a variety of circumstances. Often mentioned are concerned with the following: (i) Government contracts: bribes can influence who gets the contract, the terms of the contract, as well as terms of subcontracts when the project is implemented. (ii) Government benefits: bribes can influence the allocation of monetary benefits such as credit subsidies and favoured prices and exchange rates where price controls and multiple exchange rates exist. Bribes can also be important in obtaining licenses and permits to engage in lucrative economic activities such as importing certain goods in high demand and in short supply. Moreover, bribes can be employed to acquire in-kind benefits such as access to privileged schools, subsidized medical care, subsidized housing and real estate, and attractive ownership stakes in enterprises that are being privatized. (iii) Government revenue: bribes can be used to reduce the amount of taxes, fees, dues, custom duties, and electricity and other public utility charges collected from business firms and private individuals. iv) Time savings and regulatory avoidance: bribes can speed up the granting of permission, licenses and permits to carry out activities that are perfectly legal. This is the so-called â€Å"grease money† to turn the wheels of bureaucracy more smoothly, speedily and hopefully in the right direction. It is also not difficult to think of a really awful situation where rules an d regulations, and the way they are applied, are so complex and burdensome that the only way left to get things done is to pay money to avoid them. (v) Influencing outcomes of legal and regulatory processes: bribes can be used to provide incentives to regulatory uthorities to refrain from taking action, and to look the other way, when private parties engage in activities that are in violation of existing laws, rules and regulations such as those relating to controlling pollution, preventing health hazards, or promoting public safety as in the case of building codes and traffic regulations. Similarly, bribes can be given to favour one party over another in court cases or in other legal and regulatory proceedings. Causes:- 1) Lack of effective management and organisation: Due to mismanagement and disorganisation, there is a weak control on various departments and their working. This leads to lack of coordination and control among departments and levels of organisation. This uncontrolled and unsupervised administration gives rise to corruption on large scale. Besides, appointment of inefficient and incapable managers and executives on various levels of hierarchy also leads to mismanagement and disorganisation. The only cause of this wrong appointment is corruption. Hence, corruption breeds corruption. 2) Lack of economical stability: Economical crisis and price hike are major causes of corruption. Economical crisis leads to unemployment and change in standard of living. It develops a feeling of insecurity in the minds of affected people. Most of the people do not have patience and courage to face this situation. In order to regain their employment and to maintain standard of living and status, this affected people engage themselves in illegal and immoral activities. They do not want to work hard again for achieving the same position and post. They use various illegal short cuts for achieving them. 3) Lack of effective leadership: Good leaders can only lead people towards growth, development and progress. They play significant role in eradication of social evils. In India, there is tremendous shortage of good leaders. Leaders convey message of citizens to the administration and government. They lead the people against corruption and social evils. A country cannot survive without honest and sincere leaders. There is urgent need of leaders like Mahatma Gandhiji. We need more Anna Hazares and Medha Patkars. 4) Lack of support: There are few good leaders in India. They strive hard to eradicate corruption from the society. But due to lack of support and cooperation from people, the voice and efforts of these great leaders are often suppressed. People of India are more concerned with their life than the development and protection of their country against social evils. Many citizens have accepted corruption as a part of their life. They think, it is useless and waste of time, to support leaders against corruption. 5) Lack of values: Home and educational institution play a significant role in character building of citizens. Moral values are only taught in most of these institutions. But, they are not properly inculcated in individual. This is the basic cause of corruption. Many parents and teachers do not practise what they preach. Hence, their preaching does not bring out desired results. Children imitate parents. If parents are corrupt, it is more likely that children will also become corrupt. 6) Lack of love for country: Due to rapid modernisation and globalisation, people are becoming more and more selfish. They are only concerned with self enrichment and wealth accumulation. The only objective of many Indian is to become rich as soon as possible. They consider themselves as patriotic just by celebrating independence and republic day. They do not know the actual meaning of patriotism. They are not concerned with development of nation and rights of others. Due to this attitude, they easily get involved in corruption and immoral activities. During strike and protests, many politically affiliated citizens damage and destroy public property. 7) Lack of proper system: In India, corruption exists in all levels and areas of system. Very few honest people survive in this corrupt system. Those who raise their voice against corruption are killed or forced to resign. This accelerates the growth of corruption. Most of the people involved in Indian system have take corruption as part and parcel of their duties. They don’t have hatred or ill feeling towards corruption. They think that without it, we cannot survive and sustain in this system. Besides, systems are interrelated and interdependent. As a result, corruption spreads like tumour in all the systems. 8) Lack of satisfaction: Greed results from non-satisfaction. People are not satisfied with their current status, position and wealth. They want to become millionaire in a short span of time. Growth and richness is not bad. But it is sad to see that the Indian are adopting illegal and immoral ways to achieve them. Many Indians are engaged in unhealthy competitions of wealth accumulation (with relatives, colleagues and neighbours). ) Lack of autonomy: Establishment and expansion of private and business sector depend on approval of politician. Many politician misuse their authority and power. They have only one criterion for approval â€Å"Pay us otherwise you will not get paid†. Entrepreneurs consider bribery as tax like other official taxes. Bribery has become necessary for the establishm ent of organisation. Companies and contractors secure contracts and government projects due to bribe. Good quotations and work of company does not considered to be criteria for securing contracts. 0) Lack of good control and vigilance: In India, some agencies are working day and night to stop corruption. But some officials of these agencies get tempted towards illegal commissions and leave corrupt people without any penalty and punishment. Corruption breeds corruption. To keep a check on crores of people, more agencies and more honest officials are required. Hence, there is a tremendous shortage of these agencies and officials in India. This results in lack of control and vigilance on illegal activities. 11) Lack of good remuneration: In private sector, employer decides salary and employment benefits. He has complete freedom and there is no pressure on him from government. Due to this fact, many employers pay less for more work. They exploit employees of their companies. Even the working conditions in most of the establishments are worse. Employee does not have any social security and retirement benefits. Employees get frustrated and adopt illegal means to make their earnings better and future secure. 12) Lack of employment: Many unemployed educated youth fall prey to corruption. They are willing to pay huge amount for jobs. Many employer take undue advantage of this situation. They take bribe and give appointment letters. The appointed employee uses all means (legal and illegal) to recover his lost money as early as possible. Hence, Corruption breeds corruption. When these employees achieve power and authority. They take bribe from candidates for jobs. These traditions of corruption continue from generation to generation without any check and control. 13) Lack of seats and educational institutions: In order to fulfil dreams and ambitions of their children, parents pay huge donation to secure admission for their children. Hence, the basis of admission is not merit but money. Management use maximum utilisation of quota granted to them. Every year there is a increase in donation amount. Affluent students who secured less percentage in examinations, easily gets admissions by paying huge donations. Poor students who secured good percentage struggle day and night to get admissions. Many a time their efforts go in vain due to lack of seats and more number of applicants. Consequences:- 1) Loss of National wealth: This is the greatest loss for the people of India. Since independence, India is showing tremendous growth in corruption (Jeep deal to 2 G spectrum scams). India lost billions and billions dollars of money in various scams. Instead of becoming independent affluent nation, India is dependent on international loans, grants and favours due to this tremendous of wealth in corruption. 2) Hindrance and obstruction in development: Corruption is the only obstruction in the way towards development. We cannot become a developed and self sufficient nation until corruption is not eradicated from our country. Many developmental projects are taking unnecessary time for their completion due to corruption. Since, many officials consider these projects as special hens(hens which lay golden eggs every day). If project will get completed, these special hens will die. Hence, they take proper care of these hens. 3)Backwardness: Due to corruption, India is behind in almost every field- sports, inventions, health, medicine, research, education, economy, defence, infrastructure, technology and so on. Many scientists do not have latest equipments and technology for research and development. Sportsmen do not have proper facilities, equipments, coaching and training. There are scams and corruption in defence deals. Many doctors lack specialised and modern skills of treatment and diagnosis. 4) Poverty: Due to corruption, government is unable to eradicate poverty. Rich are becoming richer by snatching the rights and wealth of poor. Various packages, reservations and compensations for poor people, minorities and backward community are announced by government from time to time. But these disadvantaged sections of society hardly get any benefits. Since, affluent people freely consume benefits meant for poor. 5) Authority and power in wrong hands: Ineligible and incapable candidates are selected for various important positions. They pay and get selected. Due to their inefficiency, there exist many faults and weaknesses in system and management. These faults get easily hidden through corruption. The deserving and creative candidates satisfy themselves with unsuitable jobs and positions. 6) Brain drain: Corrupt employers and mediators offer jobs to unskilled and incapable candidates by taking bribe. They get their share of wealth. But nation loses its valuable share. Due to lack of good opportunities in India, many creative and talented Indian are serving developed nations. This is a tremendous loss for India. Since, we cannot become a developed nation without the contribution of talented and creative people. Talented people who serve other countries are actually cheating with their own nation. They are made capable and efficient by their own nation. But they use their capabilities for increasing the efficiency of other nation. This is also considered as corruption. 7) Rise in terrorism and crimes: One of the reasons for rise in crimes is corruption in police administration. Police departments grant security and protection to the citizens. When this departments get engaged in corrupt activities. Then there is no control on crimes and brutal killings. Since, criminals are given freedom and victims are tortured. Besides, corruption also leads to injustice. Injustice gives birth to crimes and anti social activities. Citizens take up arms for securing justice. 8) Rise in suicide cases: Suicide cases are increasing in India by leaps and bounds. One of the major causes in several suicide cases is injustice resulting from corruption. Government announces various schemes and help packages for farmers but most of the time this financial help does not reach to the farmers due to corruption in administration. This leads to rise in suicides cases among farmers. Candidates fulfil all necessary criteria for jobs or admissions, but then also they fail in their attempt to secure it because they do not have political contacts and money. This leads to hopelessness and depression which ultimately results in suicide. 9) Psychological and social disorders: Due to corruption in judicial system and police administration. Culprits are left free and victims get punishments and injustice. Due to this injustice, many victims suffer from depression and serious psychological disorders. Many victims get frustrated with judicial system and develop feeling of revenge against culprits. As a result, the victims become culprits by engaging themselves in anti-social activities. It corrodes the healthy social fabric of nation. How to counter Corruption:- ) Value education: Parents and teachers should inculcate moral values in children. Practice is more persuasive than preaching. The best way to inculcate values in children is not only to preach but to set an example by actual doing. They should set themselves as a model of good behaviour. They should narrate stories based on moral values. Teacher should not only teach morals in value e ducation period but they should inculcate values in pupils by correlating value education with various subjects and activities. They should not leave any stone unturned for achieving this great purpose. ) Effective and regular vigilance: Strict action should be taken against lazy and corrupt officials. Number of agencies and officials should be increased. They should be properly trained in the latest investigative skills. Government should supervise and monitor these agencies. They should be quick and active in their duties. They should not delay their investigation and inspection . Since, these delays is the cause for loss of tremendous wealth of nation. 3) Responsible citizen: If an individual is corrupt, he cannot expect those in power to be free from corruption. Hence, it is essential for every citizen to perform his duties faithfully and to the best of their abilities. Every citizen should strive hard to eradicate corruption. People of India should report cases of corruption to vigilance department immediately without delay. They should follow up the cases of corruption. Since, merely reporting the evil practice is not sufficient for its complete eradication. 4) Strong and Effective leadership and administration: All those who are granted powers and authority by people should fulfil their promises and pledge. They should strive their utmost to eradicate corruption from systems and administrations. They should give up hypocrisy. Government and vigilance agencies should keep a check on their source of income and bank accounts. If any leader is not performing his duties properly, then he should be immediately terminated from the position. It should be performance based position. Government should do performance appraisal of leaders regularly. 5) Media: Media has wider coverage and impact. It plays an important role in changing the life of people. It should frequently expose the cases of corruption. It should educate people against corruption on regular basis. Journalists and editors should give complete information about the issues related to corruption in their newspapers. Reporters should give more importance to the news and information on corruption; they should report corruption cases immediately. 6) Legislation: Government should frame strict and stringent anti-corruption laws. Severe punishments and penalties should be imposed on corrupt people. The justice and proceedings should not be delayed. Immediate action should be taken against corrupt people. The punishment should act as a good lesson for other corrupt people. ) Social organisation: Non government organisations should work in coordination with people and vigilance departments for prevention of illegal activities. They should devise and plan innovative strategies and methods against corruption. 8) Declaration of wealth and assets: It should be made mandatory for political leaders and government officials to declar e their wealth and assets. Investigation agencies should strictly and properly check their claims and declaration. 9) Transparency: Every process of selection, dealing and appointments of different fields should be made transparent. People should be made aware of reasons and merit for selection of candidates, contracts, tenders, etc. 10) Advertising: Advertising and marketing agencies should educate and aware people against corruption. There should be appealing ads on internet, vehicles, bus stops, railway stations, sign boards and television. 11) Serials and films: Films are powerful medium of mass communication. Films have powerful influence and widespread appeal. Films can be used to create public opinion against corruption. Producers should make certain popular serials and movies against corruption. Serials should have different episodes dealing with various types of corruption and their cures. 12) Appointment and admissions: Selection of students, managers, officers and executives should only be based on merit. It is the responsibility of candidates and parents to critically examine the selection and appointment procedures. They should report irregularities to the higher authorities without delay. 13) Religious sermon: In India, people show very strict adherence to their faith and belief. They are very sensitive towards religion, place of worship and religious leaders. They have deep attachment and great respect for preachers and spiritual orators. They try to adopt the teachings of their spiritual leaders in day to day life. Hence, religious leaders should give sermons against corruption. 14) Loyalty and patriotism: Every citizen of India should become patriotic in true sense. He should give priority and preference to the development of his nation. He should always remain loyal to their beautiful culture, ethics and country. Social workers, political leaders, media and teachers should inculcate true patriotism in the citizens of India. 5) Dedicated and diligent leaders: There should be more dedicated, devoted and diligent leaders like Medha Patkar and Anna Hazare. These leaders dedicated their whole life for eradicating corruption. It is the responsibility of every citizen of India to support and cooperate with leaders who are sincerely striving against corruption. 16) Coordination and control: All government and non government agencies should wor k in coordination with media, educational institutions and corporate sectors to control and eradicate corruption. They should be united in their efforts against corruption. 17) Creative writers: Pen is mightier than sword. Creative writers should write appealing articles and books against corruption. They should write interesting short stories based on honesty. 18) College and Universities: These institutions should educate and train the youth against corruption. They should organise symposium, debates, group discussion, seminars and lectures for this purpose. 19) Gratitude: We Indian should show gratitude towards all those honest people who sacrificed and laid their lives for eradicating corruption from our beautiful country. It is now our turn to take this greatest responsibility and make our nation free from corruption. How to cite Causes and Consequences of Corruption in India and How to Counter It, Papers

Marketing and Entrepreneurship Build Relationship

Question: Describe about the Report for Marketing and Entrepreneurship of Build Relationship. Answer: Activity 1 1A. Non profit organization that implements the marketing concept Marketing is equally essential for non-profit organization as it is for profit making organization and it is related with the fact that they need support and resource to sustain and fulfil the objectives undertaken by them. MARIE STOPES INTERNATIONAL, Australia is non profit organization that operates in the country as Dr.Marie centres. The provide health service related with sexual and reproductive health care with the help of 15 centres functioning throughout Australia (Mariestopes.org.au. 2013). The profit is derived with the help of the financial sustainability model applied by the MARIE STOPES INTERNATIONAL. It caters to people excluding urban slums who has the capability to pay and the pricing is competitive while the generated income is used in the fund outreach program runs by Dr.Marie centres that caters to poorest women living below the poverty line and not able to seek the required health care service. Dr.Marie centres can use the marketing concept to make them accessible to customers (poor women requiring sexual and reproductive health care service) and understand their wants and needs in a more effective way. Based on the information Dr.Marie health care can develop better focus on the objectives that are easy to achieve by channelling the efforts of Dr.Marie towards meeting the set objective with respect to sexual and reproductive health care (Dolnicar, Lazarevski, 2009)). The social responsibility and marketing ethics plays a significant role in helping Dr.Marie to use the marketing concept for the welfare of the women and the problem faced by them with regard to sexual and reproductive health care. 1B. Billabong strategy to build relationship with its target customers Billabong caters to the young crowd and sports freak so by providing consumers a lot of information about the surfing, skiing and skating it connects and build long term relationship with its target customers. The company undertakes sponsorship of high profile athletes as a key promotional strategy and the publicity helps in capturing the mind share of the target customers who generally become the future customer of the company (Au.billabong.com. 2014). It is a marketing strategy that combines the social responsibility aspect and helps to create a positive impact on society by positioning itself as a company that promotes athletes indulged in surfing, skiing and skating activities. Social responsibility is considered in the current marketing strategy as helpful tool and it develops response of customers positively. It is also an significant driver to promote innovation and creates opportunity for Billabong to differentiate itself from the other competitors in the market and it is imp ortant in the clothing retail market in Australia that is highly competitive. Billabong is top clothing retailer in Australia and its marketing strategies of sponsorship of athletes and staging event and publicity complement the information provided in the website www.billabong.com.au about surfing, skiing and skating help in reinforcing and improving the value of its brands and help to attract the target customers without providing any product information (Au.billabong.com. 2014). Thus it can be concluded that Billabong is successful in building relationship with its target customers. Activity 2 2A. Review the latest news of Nestle from its website The latest new in the media section of the website of Nestle state Australian parents not nutrition savvy when it comes to teaching their kids about healthy eating. On reviewing the article it is observed that Nestle conducted a research Nestles healthy active kids and it revealed some interesting information related with healthy eating of kids (nestle.com.au. 2012). The research analysis established the fact that 78% of the parent in Australia had a strong perception that they are aware of the right balance of food groups with regard to feeding their kids but in the actual case it was much below than stated. The survey titled Raising nutrition savvy kids asked more than 1300 parents and carers in Australia and enquired them about child nutrition and their activities in the kitchen. The research report stated that eight out of ten parents stated their concern with respect to the questions about their childs diet. But when the parents were asked specific questions about food groups, a nd portion size based on the guidelines of Australian Dietary it was observed that not even one percent had the right answers (nestle.com.au. 2012). On reviewing the results it was found that 51% of parents had knowledge about the five food groups and 50% parents had the knowledge regarding portion size needed for one fruit serving. Two third of parents lacked understanding about the fact that five serves of vegetables and legumes everyday is required for children in the age group of nine to eleven. 2B. Peters new product launches and its success rate Peters Ice cream is launching the new product Peters Fandangle Fiesta in the market of to serve its target customer of ice-cream lovers. The Peters aimed to develop new ice cream brand for a segment where the company had no presence earlier. It is identified as the family essentials segment and it aimed to cater to sweet spot that created between special and everyday and position Fandangle as unique amongst the innumerable ice cream and snacks (Peters Ice Cream. 2013). The lack of cultural generation gap existed in the past as the as selling point to position the market in the promotional campaign. The visual identity was developed with a tinge of nostalgic and characters developed for each flavour namely Toffee Whoopee cookie, fairy floss and caramel popcorn and it was made colourful to make the brand timeless. The animation of mighty mice was used to develop short and entertaining campaign where the characters were supported by jingle that was irresistible to capture the mindshare of the target audience. The campaign was supported by the digital component where every pack of Fandangle had a short blurb related with the flavour showing a code and it can be used to unlock games online by putting the Fandangle stick on the word. It was an interactive dimension to the packaging and provided a unique experience. It was further supported by an outdoor campaign and Fandangle becoming the highest performing brand proved the success of the product and the brand. References Au.billabong.com. (2014). [online] Available at: https://au.billabong.com/ [Accessed 24 Aug. 2016]. Dolnicar, S., Lazarevski, K. (2009). Marketing in non-profit organizations: an international perspective.International marketing review,26(3), 275-291. https://www.nestle.com.au. (2012).Home. [online] Available at: https://www.nestle.com.au/ [Accessed 24 Aug. 2016]. Mariestopes.org.au. (2013).Marie Stopes International Australia | Marie Stopes. [online] Available at: https://www.mariestopes.org.au/ [Accessed 24 Aug. 2016]. Peters Ice Cream. (2013).Ice Cream Australia | Peters Ice Cream. [online] Available at: https://www.peters.com.au/ [Accessed 24 Aug. 2016].

Canadian Government Essays - Income Tax In The United States, Tax

Canadian Government Should the government of Canada continue to support the universality of social services by increasing the proportion of salaries given to income tax? This question hits a very touchy spot for all Canadians because some agree that a higher portion of an individual's salary should go to income tax, so a better standard of living could be made by all Canadians, instead of just to the financially blessed class of society. They believe that by the Canadian government doing so, it would limit the greed in our society, and make for a better feel of equality. Then there are those Canadians' who believe government should not increase the proportion of their salaries given to income tax because they believe the government should help encourage Canadians to be more independent, instead of depending on the government for all of their basic needs and wants. They believe that when they go out and make their hard earned money, they should be able to keep it, instead of giving most of it away, so people that sit at home all day, even though fully capable of getting a good job, have the same benefits as themselves. My position on this issue would have to be with the Canadians who don't believe in the government increasing the proportion of salaries to income tax. I believe every man for himself. What an individual earns, he deserves, because he worked hard for his pay. It's not that I don't agree with government intervention, I do, I just believe it should be trying to help its people become more independent, instead of 100% dependant on its government. For almost sixty years the Swedish economy was looked upon and admired for its high standard of living. Everything, you name it, they had it. They had a system called cradle-to-grave welfare system, and it promised almost everybody employment. Everybody was guaranteed a free post secondary education and the same went with health care and pension plans. People looking in on the country would be lead to believe Swedes didn't have a care in the world. In order for the Sweden economy to work as well as it did, Swedes had to pay 70% of personal taxes, which was the highest rate for personal taxes in all of the industrial worlds. What seemed to be a system with no flaws in it became evident that it was "too good to be true," the Swedish government had pampered its people so much, Swedes soon became dependant on its government and not on themselves. Four out of ten workers were employed by the government, workers not being present for work were very high, low productivity was being experienced in the export industries, vacations and other allowance benefits were very costly, economic slumps was reducing the base tax the social programs needed to pay for and the government deficit was increasing. In the end, when the government tried to reduce, the government spending Swedes weren't able to deal with their new given independence, and sure enough, high unemployment became one of many of their problems. Looking at Sweden as a case study, I think that is enough to discourage the Canadian government from increasing the proportion of salaries given to income tax to support the universality of social services. If Canada was to do so, it would only promote Canadians to be dependant on their government and not on themselves. Instead of increasing income tax to support social services, the government should introduce programs to help Canadians to budget their income to balance their wants and needs. Through the case study on Sweden we learnt that by the government increasing the proportion of salaries given to income tax to support the universality of social services, which in the long run it doesn't really benefit the citizens, but only sets them back, and teaches them that they don't ever really have to face the responsibilities that come with adulthood.

Hemingways Code Hero essays

Hemingway's Code Hero essays Ernest Hemingway has created hundreds of novels and short stories that have made many significant contributions to literature. His work is well know around the world for its interesting composition by how he ties his personality and morals into his characters, which follow the beliefs, also know as "the code", that he lives by. Hemingway uses his code hero, who is named in most of his novels as Nick Adams to teach readers a creative and disciplined way of life. His code hero measures himself by how well he handles the sometimes vehement situations that life throws at him. He defined the code hero as "a man who lives correctly, following the ideals of honor, courage, and endurance in a world that is sometimes chaotic, often stressful, and always painful. Nick Adams is an individualist, always yearning to travel, while on a constant quest to conquer his fear of death, which would grant him his rights to becoming a man. These characteristics will be the topics discussed in this research paper. Nicks individuality is a paramount aspect in his life. He wants to remain a free spirit, not tied down by the complications of a normal, uneventful life. In the story The End of Something, Nick Adams Has a relationship with a woman named Marjorie. He realizes they are becoming closer as a couple. He interprets the relationship as a restriction on his individuality, that intern would destroy his ability to sate his desire for fun. He knew that if he married he would have to settle down, becoming compliant with a typical job that required a boring daily routine. With marriage comes family, something Nick was not quite ready for. Also, he surmised that when he married he would be marrying Marjories whole family, making him just another part of a large unit. Since he didnt want to lose his free will he had to end his relationship with Marjorie. The code heros individualism is also shown in Big Tw ...

How people react to robots Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

How people react to robots - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that response to robot interaction is a recently emerged area of research that is working to understand how the humans perceive and react towards robots in the social interaction scenario. Recent works have shown that people respond differently to the robot, but also show a similar flow of character towards the devices. Several future challenges have also been considered in these studies, for instance, physical embodiment and correct reading the robot intentions, to come up with sociable robots. Finally, for robots to live up to their mission, the focus will have to drift from competitive generation of robots to production of robots that are functional co-action and co-ordination. Whatever is happening to technology is affecting the day to day behavior of humans in all lines of business. Researchers are invading the human society and this is a reality. From the entertainment to performing household chores, to looking after the elderly, and to educating the children, people will soon be welcoming and accepting their existence. The changes are inevitable; avoiding this will be fighting a losing battle. Research on robot revolution shows that, though this will take time, people will need to learn ways of responding to these changes and try to see the positive impact this will have in the society. That is what this survey is about; the response of the humans to robots in the society.... According to [2] the sociable robots are robots that are capable of fully engaging in the social situation and have their own motivation for being involved in these types of interaction. These robots will be capable of interacting with humans on a social level and be comfortable and familiar with them, thereby, allowing the interactions to seem easy and natural [3]. Ref: [1] researcher referred this to simple trust from the humans. Although there are other types of robots for instance; socially evocative robots and social interface: This research will entirely dwell on sociable robots. III. Critical analysis Human robot interaction is increasingly becoming a topic of popular culture and academic interest, and most try to answer the question regarding the role of robots, the ethical issues in relation with its legal issues, and how the robots interact with humans [7]. Though not everyone writer of the popular culture writers have affected the field of robotics research. A. Shampoo Rob ot Project With the recent technological evolution, robots have been known as objects that can walk, talk or point. However, Panasonic has decided to add another action of robots to the ever increasing list by developing a robot that can shampoo one’s hair. The shampoo-Bot currently is on trial in japan to see how effective it works. Many have argued that it borrows from the car wash machine, but, all the same it is a descent innovation one must say. The hair care robot sounds a fascinating thing to hairdressers. The robot composition includes a reclining chair with a wash basin at the back both mechanized to achieve its task. According to [8] released on YouTube,

An analysis of factors leading to failure of small businesses in The Dissertation

An analysis of factors leading to failure of small businesses in The Amur Region, Far East Russia - Dissertation Example This publication is important in outlining the background of the Russian policies for small businesses as well as the current business landscape in the country. For instance, there is the discourse devoted on how the business and entrepreneurship climate are currently difficult as demonstrated by the small number of small firms, the low levels of fixed capital investment as well as the capital flight that supposedly exceeded an estimated $15 billion annually. (p. 73) With this OECD (2002) report, several general factors are clearly identified that led to the successes and failures of small enterprises in Russia. In investigating the Amur experience, the corpus of literature of the regional business landscape is essential in depicting the dynamics of setting up and running businesses from policy standpoint as well as from cases of entrepreneurial outcomes. A World Bank research group argued that local government policies are crucial in the growth of small enterprises and that the â₠¬Å"regional data on small enterprises per thousand residents is considered an adequate proxy for local government support for small businesses.† (De Melo, Ofer and World Bank 1999, p10) Several regional cases were identified, compared and assessed. The outcome is an extensive investigation on policy differences, policy reforms, among other economic and political variables that were effectively linked to business performances. Extensive discussion of universal policy areas that cover small-sized businesses are also available in the publication, OECD Studies on SMEs and Entrepreneurship High-Growth Enterprises: What Governments Can Do to Make a Difference. Specific indicators on entrepreneurship that have been derived by OECD from qualitative information on laws and regulations, among other related sources could be adopted by this study at it provided clear roadmap in effectively surveying national and local administrations. These indicators and the methodologies employed to ide ntify them are contained in the OECD’s report called Measuring Innovation (2010). More recent research covering Vladimir Putin’s regime include Ganske’s (2008) book on Russia’s political economy. This work cited the economic reforms that are currently in place as well as several important factors that make small firms fail such as adverse local regulations (licensing, certification, tax inspections, fire inspections and sanitary inspections) and tax policies. (p16) This latter point was further expounded by Sakwa (2004), who argued that although Putin sought to tackle the bureaucratization of the economic landscape and that so far only two large cities have demonstrated some semblance of business dynamism, Moscow and St. Petersburg. (p. 206) Fish (2005) devoted much of his work on documenting the challenges of the effect of bureaucracy on small businesses. The research done by Dana et al. is an excellent resource on current business statistics in Russia s ince it contains critical examination of the data, particularly the numbers, which according to the authors tend to be inflated. One of the reasons given for this argument is that small business owners often â€Å"force onto de facto employees the status of individual entrepreneurs for tax purposes.†

Diagnosis of Middle Ear Disorders Using Wideband Energy

Diagnosis of Middle Ear Disorders Using Wideband Energy CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS OF MIDDLE EAR DISORDERSÂ  USING WIDEBAND ENERGY REFLECTANCE A Doctoral Thesis Presented to The Graduate College of Missouri State University In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Copyright 2008 by [Alaaeldin Elsayed] CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS OF MIDDLE EAR DISORDERS USING WIDEBAND ENERGY REFLECTANCE Communication Sciences and Disorders ABSTRACT Accurate diagnosis of middle ear disorders in adults and children is a challenging task because of the complexity of disorders. Wideband energy reflectance (WBER) technique provides simplicity and accuracy in diagnosing middle ear disorders across wide frequency range. This research is expanding the studies of WBER to investigate the middle ear function in normal and pathological conditions of the middle ear in adults and children. Findings showed that WBER not only can distinguish abnormal from normal middle ear function but also can characterize different middle ear disorders in adults and children. Several specific WBER patterns were established in a variety of middle ear disorders among adults and children that will help in early diagnosis of such pathologies. The ER pattern was including significant higher ER in the children control group than the adult control group at 0.5 kHz and 1 kHz, abnormally high or shallower in otosclerotic ears, abnormally low in ears with TM perforati on and abnormally low ER with deep notch in ears with hypermobile TM. In presence of negative middle-ear pressure, elevated ER at ambient pressure is also expected. Results also showed that standard tympanometry was less sensitive in diagnosing middle ear disorders when compared to WBER especially in otosclerotic cases. Further studies are still required to validate the clinical use of ER in larger number of individuals with confirmed middle ear disorders. KEYWORDS: wideband energy reflectance, otosclerosis, otitis media with effusion, eustachian tube dysfunction, tympanometry. This abstract is approved as to form and content Wafaa Kaf, MD, MS, PhD Chairperson, Advisory Committee Missouri State Universit CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS OF MIDDLE EAR DISORDERS USING WIDEBAND ENERGY REFLECTANCETITLE OF THESIS By Alaaeldin Elsayed A Doctoral Thesis Submitted to the Graduate College Of Missouri State University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Doctorate, Audiology ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank so many who encouraged me along this dissertation. First and foremost, I am thankful to God for all his blessings. I am very grateful to Dr. Neil DiSarno for all his support and kind caring throughout my graduate school education. Further, I am indeed grateful to Dr. Wafaa Kaf, my doctoral advisor, for her guidance, encouragement, and support throughout this work. In addition, I would like to show appreciation to my committee members for their helpful comments and direction for this dissertation. Special thanks also to the faculty and secretarial staff of the Department of Communication Science and Disorders. Thanks to Dr. Walid Albohy, and Dr. Ahmad Alhag for their help in collecting data for this study. Special thanks and appreciation for my wife Enass and my children Mohamed and Nada, your love and delightful spirits has kept me going forward. DEDICATION This work is dedicated To My dear parents, My beloved Enass, Mohamed, and Nada, Who made all of this possible, for their endless encouragement and patience. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE Hearing mechanism and the middle ear Sound transmission. The hearing process includes the transmission of sound energy through the auditory canal to the tympanic membrane (TM). This sound energy results in vibration of the TM with an equal atmospheric pressure on both sides of the TM. The mechanical vibrations are, then, transmitted from the TM to the air-filled middle ear space and ossicles (malleus, incus and stapes), which further amplify the sound energy and transmit it, via oval window, to the fluid-filled inner ear. At the inner ear, the mechanical vibration is converted into electric waves and transmitted as nerve signals that are interpreted by the brain as sounds. Mechanical properties of middle ear. The middle ear is an air-filled cavity that connects the outer ear canal to the labyrinth of the inner ear. This connection is established through the middle ear ossicels-malleus, incus and stapes. The malleus is attached to the TM by its handle; the incus bone lies in the middle between the malleus and the stapes while the footplate of the stapes is attached to the oval window of the inner ear. The middle ear cavity is also connected to the nasopharyngeal cavity through the Eustachian tube (Musiek and Baran, 2007). The Eustachian tube is important in maintaining an equal pressure on both sides of the TM and ventilation of the middle ear cavity. The tube also drain the middle ear into the nasopharynx (Channell, 2008). Figure 1 demonstrates schematic representation of the anatomy of the ear. When the sound pressure moves the TM the mallus and incus consequently move together as one unit around a pivotal point. In doing so, both bones act as a lever; the lever arm formed by the manubrium of the malleus is slightly longer than that of the incus (about 1:1.3 ratio). In turn, the rotation of the long process of the incus around its pivotal point leads to the back and forth (piston-like) movement of the stapes footplate in the oval window of the inner ear. The movement of the stapes footplate is directly proportional to the frequency and amplitude of the sound waves. This route of sound transmission is called the ossicular route. Acoustic route is another way of transmitting sound waves directly from the TM and the oval window to the cochlea. The direct acoustic stimulation of the oval and round windows, by passing the ossicles (acoustic route), plays a part in sound transmission In normal ears both routs are functioning but the upper hand is for the ossicular route (Voss, Ro sowski, Merchant, and Peake, 2007). From the above information, it appears that the middle ear plays important role in the hearing process. The middle ear mainly helps to correct the impedance mismatching between the air-filled middle ear and the fluid-filled cochlea and to transform the acoustic energy at the TM into mechanical energy that will eventually be transferred to the inner ear. The Impedance matching function of the middle ear is carried out by three mechanisms: the lever action of the ossicles of the middle ear, the area difference between the TM and the area of the stapes footplate, and the buckling of the curved TM. An outcome of these mechanisms is that the vibration obtained from the large area of the TM is focused to the much smaller oval window of the inner ear (21:1 area ratio), resulting in a differential pressure between the oval window connected to scala vestibuli and the round window connected to the scala tympani. This pressure differential is critical in maximizing the flow of sound energy and activation of the cochlear structures (Cummings, 2004). Accordingly, middle ear disorders are expected to affect the normal transmission of sound, resulting in conductive hearing loss (discussed below). An illustration of the anatomical structure of External, Middle and Inner ear. Modified from Medline Plus Medical Encyclopedia: Ear anatomy. In addition to correcting the impedance mismatch between the air-filled middle ear and the fluid-filled cochlea, the middle ear also protects the inner ear from loud sound via the acoustic reflex. This mainly occurs as a result of reflex contraction of the two middle ear muscles, the tensor tympani and the stapedius, in response to loud sound leading to increased stiffness of the oscicular chain, and hence diminished sound transmission (Allen, Jeng, and Levitt, 2005). Given that the acoustic reflex mainly decreases the transmission of low frequency sounds thus, it improves speech discrimination in loud, low-frequency noisy environments. Unfortunately, the reflex does not protect the ear against impulsive sounds as gun shots due to prolonged latency in muscle contraction (Lynch, Peake, and Rosowski, 1994). Pathophysiology of middle ear disorders To further understand the pathology of middle ear disorders, it is important to consider the middle ear system as a vibrating mechanical system. Such a system is composed of three elements: mass, stiffness, and friction. When the mass and stiffness components are equal, so-called resonant frequency of the middle ear, it is expected that the amplitude of vibration of the middle ear is at maximum. On the other hand, when there is an increase in the mass without change in stiffness or friction the resonant frequency is lowered and the amplitude of vibration is lowered at frequencies above the resonant frequency. In contrast, when there is an increase in the stiffness component of the middle ear the resonant frequency increases and the magnitude of vibration reduces for frequencies below the resonant frequency (Roeser, Valente, and Hosford-Dunn, 2000). Middle Ear Disorders are a variable group of pathological conditions that includes, for example, middle ear infection (Otitis Media with Effusion: OME), chronic otitis media with perforation of the TM, Eustachian Tube Dysfunction (ETD), ossicular disruption or dislocation and or/ otosclerosis. Such middle ear disorders may lead to conductive hearing loss due to their effects on mass, stiffness, and/or friction elements of the normal middle ear. Perforated TM is induced by chronic otitis media or trauma to the ear. As a result, the normal structure and the function of the TM are altered. The degree of hearing loss is directly related to the size of the perforation (Voss et al., 2000) The perforation leads to equalization of pressure on both sides of the membrane which consequently leads to disturbance of the ossicular route and hearing loss (Voss et al., 2000). Normally the inward movement of the stapes is followed by an outward movement at the round window (push and pull mechanism). In the presence of TM perforation, this push and pull mechanism of the ossicles is disturbed and the sound waves energy reaching the oval window is reduced. Ossicular dislocation usually follows a violent trauma to head or as a consequence of chronic otitis media and/or cholesteatoma. Disarticulation of the incudostapedial joint due to traffic accident was the most common pathlogy of ossicular disruption(Yetiser s, 2008). With the exception disruption due to chronic otitis media, the dislocation of the ossicles may or may not be accompanied by TM rupture. The injury results in loss of the impedance matching mechanism of the middle ear and a conductive hearing loss of about 40-60 dB (Merchant, Ravicz, and Rosowski, 1997). Otosclerosis is a progressive disease of bone resorption and reformation that affects bones derived from the otic capsule. The etiology of the disease is not fully understood. The disease leads to osteodystrophy and fixation of the stapes in the oval window. Among the most accepted eatiological factors is genetic factors and viral infection. Otosclerosis is characterized clinically by progressive hearing loss, tinnitus and vertigo (Menger and Tange, 2003). Both conductive and sensory neural hearing loss has been reported in otosclerotic patients (Ramsay and Linthicum, 1994). Otosclerosis may affect the cochlea and other parts of the labyrinth as well (Menger and Tange, 2003). The resulting fixation of the footplate of the stapes leads to increased stiffness of the ossicular chain early in the disease. Increased stiffness of the middle ear affects the transmission of low frequency sounds. At later stages of the disease, the bone starts to grow adding a mass effect. This increase in ma ss of the middle ear affects the transmission of high frequency sounds as well (Shahnaz and Polka, 1997). More disorders include inflammatory conditions of the middle ear such as otitis media (OM) and media with effusion (OME), chronic otitis media, and cholesteatoma. OM usually results from upper respiratory infections or allergies that lead to obstruction of the Eustachian tube (Channell, 2008). As a consequence, negative pressure develops in the middle ear resulting in otalgia due to stretching of the TM and mild hearing loss due to the increased stiffness of middle ear transmitting mechanism. If the negative pressure inside the middle ear is not relieved, a transudate accumulates inside the middle ear. The condition is then called OME. The hearing is further affected by the mass- friction effect. The degree of hearing loss depends on the type and the amount of the transudate. The combination of fluid and pressure in the middle ear was found to reduce TM movement at the umbo by 17 dB over the auditory frequency range (Dai, Wood, and Gan, 2008). Middle ear function measures Tuning fork testing. The tuning fork testing is one of the traditionally used qualitative hearing tests. They are used to examine the conductive component of hearing loss (external or middle ear pathology). Several tests have been descried including: Rinne, Schwabach, Bing, and Weber tests. For Rinne test, the vibrating tuning fork is held against the skull, usually on the mastoid process bone behind the ear to cause vibrations through the bones of the skull and inner ear. To cause vibrations in the air next to the ear, the vibrating fork is then held next to, but not touching, the ear. In the test the patient is asked to determine if the sound heard through the bone is louder or that heard through the air. The results of the test are categorized as positive, negative, or equivocal. A negative Rinne test is indicated when the sound is heard louder by bone conduction than by air conduction which suggests a conductive component of the hearing loss. Although Rinne test was found to be highly specific in one study; the same author has suggested that it should be carried out only as a pack up test for pure tone audiometry in audiological evaluation of hearing loss (Browning and Swan, 1988; Thijs and Leffers, 1989). The Schwabach tuning fork test compares patients bone conduc tion to the normal examiner. Bing tuning fork tests determines the presence or absence of the occlusion effect. Weber tunning fork test determines the type of a unilateral hearing loss. While Rinne test compares air conduction to bone conduction in the same patient. Although the tuning fork testing is easy and reliable; it is still a subjective test that depends on the response of the patient and the degree of hearing loss. Additional drawbacks are that tuning fork testing is a qualitative and not a quantitative test, and does not diagnose the etiology of the conductive hearing loss. Pure-tone Audiometry. Pure-tone Audiometry is a behavioral test that measures hearing threshold. The test has been used to diagnose type and degree of hearing loss for more than one hundred years. During test setting, the patient is subjected to different tones to test the hearing mechanisms via air-conduction and bone conduction. Typically, the normal level of pure tone audiogram air and bone conduction will lie between 0-15 dB HL for children and 0-25 dB HL for adults. According to Northern and Downs (1991), the degree of hearing loss can be classified in adults as (0-25 dB HL) within normal limits, Mild (26-40 dB HL), Moderate (41- 55 dB HL), Moderate-Severe (56-70), Severe (71-90 dB HL) or Profound (91 + dB HL) hearing loss. In children it is classified as normal (0-15 dB HL), Slight (15-25 dB HL), Mild (25-30 dB HL), Moderate (30-50 dB HL), Severe (50-70 dB HL), Profound (70 + dB HL) hearing loss. This classification is applied to PTA of 500, 1000, and 2000 Hz (Roeser et al, 2000). Different types of hearing loss are interpreted by comparing air conduction thresholds to bone conduction thresholds. When the air conduction threshold elevated to a maximum around 60-70 dB HL in the presence of normal bone conduction threshold, this type of hearing loss is called conductive hearing loss. In sensorineural hearing loss the pure tone audiogram shows both air and bone conduction thresholds are elevated and with a 10 dB HL or less in between. Mixed hearing loss displays elevation in both air and bone conduction thresholds, but with the bone conduction threshold at better intensities than the air conduction by 10 dB HL or more. In both conductive and mixed hearing loss, the difference in air and bone conduction thresholds is called air-bone gap; and it represents the amount of conductive hearing loss present (Roeser et al, 2000). The use of pure-tone audiometry provides quantitative information regarding the degree and type of hearing loss. However, it does not diagnose the cause of hearing loss and cannot be used in infants, young children, and difficult-to-test subject. Mannina (1997) reported that the diagnosis of middle ear disorders in school-aged children is less efficient when using pure-tone audiometry alone. To improve the diagnosis of middle ear disorder, Yockel (2001) demonstrated that the addition of tympanometry to audiometry does improve the diagnosis of OME than using audiometry alone. Assessing Middle ear function is a very important step in early diagnosis and treatment of conductive hearing loss. Since the usually used subjective tests, the tuning-fork and pure tone audiometry, cannot identify the etiology of underlying middle ear disease, other objective measures such as acoustic immittance are needed for differential diagnosis and accurate diagnosis of specific middle ear disorders. Acoustic Immittance. Several objective measurements of middle ear function have been developed over the last four decades. Various anatomical structures of the middle ear represent complex network system that affects the sound presented to the ear. Not all the sound represented to the middle ear is delivered to the cochlea, but some of the power is absorbed by the bony structure of the middle ear (Zwislocki, 1982). Acoustic Immittance using tympanometry assess the middle ear status by measuring the transmitted sound energy to the middle ear. Acoustic Immittance provides objective information about the mechanical transfer function in the outer and middle ear. Acoustic Immittance is defined, as the velocity with which an objects moves in proportional to an applied force, while Acoustic Impedance (Za) is the opposition offered by middle ear and the TM to the flow of energy. Mathematically acoustic admittance (Ya) of a system is the reciprocal of impedance. Acoustic Immittance refers collectively to acoustic admittance, acoustic impedance or both (Tympanometry. ASHA Working Group on Aural Acoustic-Immittance Measurements Committee on Audiologic Evaluation, 1988). Investigators have found that abnormalities in the middle ear transmission might be reflected in the acoustic condition of the TM (Allen et al, 2005). Acoustic Immittance can be measured to single probe-tone frequency (single frequency tympanometry) or to series of multiple probe frequencies (multifrequency tympanometry). Single frequency tympanometry. Tympanometry is one of the earliest objective methods used to evaluate middle ear function. Tympanometry measures the acoustic immittance of the middle ear as a function of changing the air pressure in the ear canal. A single probe tone tympanometry is the conventional measure of middle ear function in response to low frequency probe tone, 226 Hz, under varying static air pressure. Evaluation of the acoustic immittance of normal and different middle ear disorders was done by Otto Metz, 1946, and confirmed later by Feldman, 1963 (Katz, 2009) In 1970, James Jerger began to incorporate immittance measurement into the routine audiological evaluation. Jerger classified tympanograms as type A, B, or C depending on the shape of the tympanogram (with or without peak) and location of the peak when present. Type A is the normal tympanogram with the peak at or near the atmospheric pressure (+25 to -100 daPa). Type A is further divided into subtypes Ad and As for high and low peaked type A tympanograms respectively (Feldman, 1976). Type B tympanogram has no peak and relates to middle ear effusion, infection with normal ear canal volume, or due to large TM perforation with large ear canal volume. Type C is a negatively shifted tympanogram that reflects Eustachian tube dysfunction, a precursor of serous OM, mostly evolved from type B (Katz, 2009). Since 1970, single frequency Tympanometry is the conventional clinical middle ear measure because it is a non-invasive, objective, and cheap indicator of many middle ear pathologies in children and adults. Unfortunately, low frequency probe tone tympanometry has high false negatives in infants younger than seven months (Holte, Margolis, and Cavanaugh, 1991). This is explained by the movement of the infants ear canal wall with pressure changes in the external ear canal due to immaturity of the bony part of the external auditory canal. In addition, tympanometry was found to be relatively insensitive to many lesions that affect the ossicular chain of the middle ear (Lilly, 1984). Furthermore, Keefe and Levi (1996) reported false positive tympanometry results compared to energy reflectance, a recent middle ear function measure. They found normal middle ear energy reflectance at higher frequencies in infants with flat low probe tone tympanometry. Multifrequency tympanometry. Multifrequency Tympanometry (MFT), which was first introduced by Colletti in 1976, measures middle ear impedance using multiple frequency probe tones ranging from 226-Hz to 500 Hz and up to 2000 Hz (Colletti,1976) . Similar to previous discussion about the three elements of the mechanical system of the middle ear, admittance of the middle ear has three components: stiffness (compliant susceptance), mass susceptance and conductance (resistance). A tympanometric pattern was developed by Vanhuyse and colleagues in 1975 that helped in interpreting the underlying middle ear pathology using MFT. The Vanhuyse tympanometric pattern is based on the assumption of the shapes and locations of reactance (X) and resistance (R) tympanograms. Using a conversion equation the model can predict the shapes of susceptance (B) and conductance (G) tympanograms. Vanhuyse et al proposed four normal patterns: 1B1G, 3B1G, 3B3G, and 5B3G as shown in Figure 2. 1B1G pattern is the normal tympanogram with a one susceptance (B) and one conductance (G) peak. It occurs when reactance (X) is negative and its absolute value is greater than resistance (R) at all pressure used (the ear stiffness is controlled). As the probe frequency increases the curve becomes more complex and notched. 3BIG model has three peaks of susceptance (B) and one conductance (G) peak. It represent negative reactance (X) with an absolute value greater than resistance (R) at low pressur e and smaller than resistance (R) at high pressure. The third model (3B3G) appears when the ear is mass-controlled. In 3B3G model the reactance is positive and less than resistance (X R) at low pressure and becoming negative at high pressure (Margolis, Saly, and Keefe, 1999). Figure 2. A graphic presentation of the model presented by Vanhuyse, Creten and Van Camp (1975). The resistance (R) , negative resistance (-R) and the reactance (X) tympanograms is shown in the upper left corner of each panel. Negative R is shown to compare the magnitude of the reactance X. The corresponding admittance (Y), (lower left corner), susceptance (B), (upper right corner) and conductance (G), (lower right corner) are also shown in each panel. Four patterns are presented and classified according to the number of extrema in the susceptance B and conductance G tympanograms. The pattern (1B1G) in panel one shows both susceptance and conductance have single extrema and reactance is negative. The pattern (3B1G) in panel two shows conductance G is single peaked with three extrema in susceptance B, reactance X is still negative but its absolute value is greater than resistance at high pressure. The pattern (3B3G) in panel three shows three extrema in susceptance B, conductance G, and admitta nce Y tympanograms, reactance Y is positive but less than resistance R . The pattern (5B3G) in panel four shows five extrema in susceptance B tympanogram and three extrema in conductance G, and admittance Y tympanograms, reactance Y is positive and greater than resistance R at low pressure. Because of the use of measuring middle ear function to several probe tone frequency, MFT is considered superior to single frequency tympanometry in detecting high impedance pathological conditions of the middle ear such as middle ear effusion, otosclerosis, and cholesteatoma. Such pathological conditions were not detected by conventional tympanometry (Colletti, 1976, Keefe and Levi, 1996, Shahnaz et al 2009). Several studies have shown that MFT has higher sensitivity and specificity in detecting middle ear pathologies such as TM mass or adhesions (Margolis, Schachern, and Fulton, 1998). Also, MFT is more sensitive than single frequency tympanometry in identifying normal and abnormal middle ear condition in neonates (Shahnaz, Miranda, and Polka, 2008). However, MFT is of limited clinical use for several reasons: long testing time, limited frequency range, and unreliable data above 1000 Hz (Allen et al, 2005). The use of wideband energy reflectance is shown to address the above limitat ions of MFT. Wideband energy reflectance. The wideband energy reflectance (WBER) is a new technique that has been introduced recently to evaluate middle ear dysfunction (Keefe, Ling, and Bulen, 1992). Simply the idea of WBER is that incident sound to the ear is transmitted through the ear canal and TM, some of this sound energy is absorbed through the middle ear and cochlea and part of it is reflected back (Figure 3). The energy reflectance (ER) is defined as the square magnitude of pressure reflectance ÂÂ ¦R(f) ÂÂ ¦2, which represents the ratio of the sound energy reflected from the TM to the incident sound energy at frequency (f). ER ratio ranges from one to zero (1.0 = all incident sound energy is reflected, and 0.0 = all sound energy is absorbed) (Allen et al, 2005). ER is an indicator of the middle ear power to transfer sound (Feeney, Grant, and Marryott, 2003). Energy reflectance (ER) measurers middle ear function over a wide band of frequencies (0.2- 8 kHz). ER is the ratio of the reflected energy (red arrow) to the incident energy (yellow arrow). When all incident sound energy is reflected back ER ratio equals one. When all incident sound energy is absorbed ER equals zero. Red arrow represents reflected sound energy; yellow arrow represents incident sound energy; green arrow represent absorbed sound energy. Modified from Medline Plus Medical Encyclopedia: Ear anatomy. WBER measures middle ear function using a chirp stimulus at 65 dB SPL over a wide frequency range, typically 0.2 to 8 kHz and at fixed ambient pressure (Feeney et al, 2003) . Normative data has shown that most incident acoustic power is reflected back to the ear canal (ER ratio closes to 1) at frequency range below 1 kHz or above 10 kHz that also show poor hearing threshold or at frequencies below 1 kHz and above 4 kHz (less efficient middle ear function) (Keefe, Bulen, Arehart, and Burns, 1993). More specifically, 50% of the acoustic power is transmitted to the middle ear between 1-5 kHz frequency range, indicating that the most effective middle ear transfer function (ER is at its lowest values, closer to one) occurs around 1-5 kHz (Allen et al, 2005; Keefe et al, 1993; Schairer, Ellison, Fitzpatrick, and Keefe, 2007). WBER has been used in measuring normal middle ear function and middle ear disorders using ambient pressure (Allen et al, 2005; Feeney et al, 2003; Shahnaz et al., 2009). In other studies the researchers used pressure to measure the acoustic stapedial reflex (Feeney and Sanford, 2005; Schairer et al, 2007). Development of the middle ear in infants was also investigated using WBER (Keefe and Abdala, 2007; Keefe e al, 1993; Keefe and Levi, 1996). Wideband energy reflectance in neonatal screening Keefe et al. (1993) and Keefe and Levi (1996) reported that the acoustic response properties of the external and middle ear varies significantly over the first 2 years of life. These changes, mostly physical changes, are responsible for the mass-dominant infants middle ear system with lower resonant frequency. The main components of this mass-dominant effect is the pars flaccida of the TM, ossicles, and perilymph in the cochlea (Van Camp, Margolis, Wilson, Creten, and Shanks, 1986). The mesenchyme in infants middle ear may add to the mass effect (Meyer, Jardine, and Deverson, 1997). This is completely in contrast to adults middle ear, which is a stiffness-dominant system at low frequency (Holte et al, 1991; Keefe and Levi, 1996). The TM, tendons and ligaments, the space between the mastoid and the middle ear cavity, and the viscosity of the perilymph and the mucous lining of the middle ear cavity constitute the stiffness component of the middle ear (Van Camp, Margolis, Wilson, Creten , and Shanks, 1986). Recently, Shahnaz (2008) have compared MFT and WBER findings between normal adults and normal-hearing neonates in the neonatal intensive care units (NICU), who passed the neonatal hearing screening test. The researcher found maximum absorption of the incident energy at narrower range of frequencies (1.2 2.7 kHz) in normal babies compared to adults (2.8 4.8 kHz) (Shahnaz, 2008; Shahnaz et al, 2008). This preliminary normative data from 49 neonatal ears reflects the potential diagnostic benefits of the WBER test in detecting middle ear effusion in neonates. Wideband energy reflectance in otosclerosis Although the main definitive diagnosis of Otosclerosis is during surgery, an accurate preoperative audiological diagnosis is very important indication for surgery. Still, pure-tone audiometry has its own limitations that prevent accurate diagnosis of otosclerosis. Also, standard 226 Hz tympanometry is usually within normal type A tympanogram in most otosclerotic patients (Jerger, Anthony, Jerger, and Mauldin, 1974). While multiple frequency tempanometry may be helpful in diagnosing otosclerosis, it adds little information to the diagnosis (Probst, 2007). On the other hand, the WBER responses in three ears of otosclerosis fell outside the 5th to 95th percentile of the normative data and presented a distinctive pattern for the disease (Feeney et al, 2003); which suggests that WEBR is a sensitive middle ear measure. In a recent study WBER was found to be helpful in distinguishing 28 otosclerotic ears from normal and/or other causes of conductive hearing loss. A significantly higher ER w as found in otosclerotic ears at frequency range of 0.4- 1 kHz as compared to normal ears. In the same study WBER was found to be more sensitive in diagnosing otosclerosis than the conventional 226 Hz tympanometry and the MFT (Shahnaz et al., 2009). Wideband energy reflectance in other middle ear pathology Hunter and colleagues (2008) found higher sensitivity of WBER in detecting otitis media in infants and children with cleft palate (Hunter, Bagger-Sjoback, and Lundberg, 2008). Feeney and colleagues in 2003 studied WBER at ambient pressure in 13 ears with different middle ear disorders and comparative normal. Different middle ear disorders were involved in this study included: four ears with OME, one ear with ossicular discontinuity, two ears with otosclerosis, two ears with hypermobile TM, two ears with perforated TM, and one participant with bilateral sensorineural hearing loss. The results suggested a distinctive WBE